Study

Number types in Python 3

• int

a = 28

# We can get the data type using type() function
type(a)  # output: <type 'int'>

• float

e = 2.712818
type(e)  # <type 'float'>

• complex

z = 3 + 5.7j
type(z)  # <type 'complex'>
print(z.real)  # 3
print(z.imag)  # 5.7

Convert int to float: x = float(28) or x = 28.0.
Convert int/float to complex: x = complex(1.72) or x = 1.72 + 0j.

# More on Python Casting
x = int(1)   # x will be 1
y = int(2.8)  # y will be 2
z = int("3")  # z will be 3

x = float(1)     # x will be 1.0
y = float(2.8)   # y will be 2.8
z = float("3")   # z will be 3.0
w = float("4.2")  # w will be 4.2

x = str("s1")  # x will be 's1'
y = str(2)    # y will be '2'
z = str(3.0)  # z will be '3.0'

# More examples:
16 / 5    # output: 3.2 (float)
16 // 5   # output 3 (int)
16 % 5    # output 1 (int)

Python Data Types

• Text Type: str
• Numeric Types: int, float, complex
• Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
• Mapping Type: dict
• Set Types: set, frozenset
• Boolean Type: bool
• Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview

Declaring these data types:

x = "Hello World"       # str
x = 20                  # int
x = 20.5                # float
x = 1j                  # complex
x = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]   # list
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")   # tuple
x = range(6)                        # range
x = {"name": "John", "age": 36}     # dict
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}   # set
x = frozenset({"apple", "cherry"})  # frozenset
x = True                            # bool
x = b"Hello"                        # bytes
x = bytearray(5)                    # bytearray
x = memoryview(bytes(5))            # memoryview

Python Operators + * / % // **

• Python Arithmetic Operators

Operator	Name	Example
+	Addition	x + y
-	Subtraction	x - y
*	Multiplication	x * y
/	Division	x / y
%	Modulus	x % y
**	Exponentiation	x ** y
//	Floor division	x // y

• Python Comparison Operators

Operator	Name	Example
==	Equal	x == y
!=	Not equal	x != y
>	Greater than	x > y
<	Less than	x < y
>=	Greater than or equal to	x >= y
<=	Less than or equal to	x <= y

• Python Logical Operators: and, or, not

• Python Identity Operators

Operator	Description	Example
is	Returns True if both variables are the same object	x is y
is not	Returns True if both variables are not the same object	x is not y

• Python Membership Operators

Operator	Description	Example
in	Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is present in the object	x in y
not in	Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is not present in the object	x not in y

Python Strings and Strings methods

String literals in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or double quotation marks. 'hello' is the same as "hello".

• Multiline Strings
  You can assign a multiline string to a variable by using three quotes:

a = """Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor."""

# Or three single quotes:
a = '''Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor.'''

print(a)

• Strings as Arrays Python does not have a character data type, a single character is simply a string with a length of 1.
  
  

• Square brackets [ ] can be used to access elements of the string.

a = "Hello, World!"
print(a[1]) # 'e'

• Slicing

b = "HelloWorld!"
print(b[2:5]) # 'loWo'
print(b[-5:-2]) # 'Wor'

print("Helloop"[3:7]) # 'loop'
print("Helloop"[3:12]) # 'loop'
print("Helloop"[2:]) # 'lloop'
print("Helloop"[-3:]) # 'oop'
print("Helloop"[:3]) # 'Hel'
print("Helloop"[:5]) # 'Hello'
print("Helloop"[:-3]) # 'Hell'
print("Helloop"[:-4]) # 'Hel'

• String length

a = len("HelloWorld")
print(a) # 10

• strip() method removes any whitespace from the beginning or the end:

a = "  Hello, World!   "
print(a.strip()) # returns "Hello, World!"

• lower() and upper() returns the string in lower/upper case:

a = "Hello, World!"
print(a.lower()) # "hello, world!"
print(a.upper()) # "HELLO, WORLD!"

• replace() method replaces a string with another string:

a = "Hello, World!"
print(a.replace("ello", "i")) # "Hi, World!"

• [important] split() method splits the string into substrings if it finds instances of the separator. The result will be a list:

"Hello, World".split(',') # returns ['Hello', ' World!']
"Hello World".split(' ') # returns ['Hello', 'World!']

• [important] Check if a certain substring is present in a string using the keywords in or not in:

txt = "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain"
x = "ain" in txt
print(x) # True

"The" not in txt # False

• String concatenation with +

print("Hi" + "People") # "HiPeople"

We cannot combine strings and numbers like in JavaScript:

"John is " + 36 + " years old." # TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str

## We would use

"John is " + str(36) + " years old."

• We can use format() method and {} to insert numbers or substrings into strings:

age = 36
txt = "My name is John, and I am {}"
print(txt.format(age))

itemno = 567
price = 49.95
myorder = "I want {} pieces of item {} for {} dollars."
print(myorder.format(quantity, itemno, price))

• Escape characters:

Code	Result
'	Single Quote
\	Backslash
\n	New Line
\r	Carriage Return
\t	Tab
\b	Backspace
\f	Form Feed
\ooo	Octal value
\xhh	Hex value

• All strings methods:

Method	Description
capitalize()	Converts the first character to upper case
casefold()	Converts string into lower case
center()	Returns a centered string
count()	Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a string
encode()	Returns an encoded version of the string
endswith()	Returns true if the string ends with the specified value
expandtabs()	Sets the tab size of the string
find()	Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found
format()	Formats specified values in a string
format_map()	Formats specified values in a string
index()	Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found
isalnum()	Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric
isalpha()	Returns True if all characters in the string are in the alphabet
isdecimal()	Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals
isdigit()	Returns True if all characters in the string are digits
isidentifier()	Returns True if the string is an identifier
islower()	Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case
isnumeric()	Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric
isprintable()	Returns True if all characters in the string are printable
isspace()	Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces
istitle()	Returns True if the string follows the rules of a title
isupper()	Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case
join()	Joins the elements of an iterable to the end of the string
ljust()	Returns a left justified version of the string
lower()	Converts a string into lower case
lstrip()	Returns a left trim version of the string
maketrans()	Returns a translation table to be used in translations
partition()	Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts
replace()	Returns a string where a specified value is replaced with a specified value
rfind()	Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of where it was found
rindex()	Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of where it was found
rjust()	Returns a right justified version of the string
rpartition()	Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts
rsplit()	Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
rstrip()	Returns a right trim version of the string
split()	Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
splitlines()	Splits the string at line breaks and returns a list
startswith()	Returns true if the string starts with the specified value
strip()	Returns a trimmed version of the string
swapcase()	Swaps cases, lower case becomes upper case and vice versa
title()	Converts the first character of each word to upper case
translate()	Returns a translated string
upper()	Converts a string into upper case
zfill()	Fills the string with a specified number of 0 values at the beginning

Python if else , for _ in range(len()), for _ in iterable, while, break, continue

Example: Solving FizzBuzz:

def FizzBuzz(num):
    for _ in range(1, num + 1):
        out = ""
        if _ % 3 == 0:
            out += "Fizz"
        if _ % 5 == 0:
            out += "Buzz"
        if out == "":
            out = _
        print(out)


FizzBuzz(18)

Python Collection data types (data structures)

Python Data Structure Types:

• sets: {"cherry", "apple", "banana"} with curly brackets {} or with set(any_iterable) or set([list])
• tuples: ("cherry", "apple", "banana") with round brackets () or with tuple(any_iterable) or tuple([list])
• dictionaries: {"name": "John", "age": 36, 404:"Error"} with curly brackets {}
• lists: ["cherry", "apple", "banana"] with square brackets []

Collection Type	Properties
Set	unordered and unindexed. No duplicate members.
Dictionary	unordered, changeable and indexed. No duplicate members.
Tuple	ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
List	ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members.

Python Sets

A set is a collection which is unordered and unindexed, meaning that the order doesn’t matter in a set and you cannot be sure in which order the items will appear.

• Sets are not subscriptable (they can’t be accessed with an index/key or [ ]).
• They don’t have a sort() attribute.
• Sets doesn’t contain duplicates, you can’t have 2 or more of a same value.

mySet = {1, 2, 2, 3, 3, "yes", "no", "yes"}
# or
mySet = set([1, 2, 2, 3, 3, "yes", "no", "yes"])
print(mySet) # {1, 2, 3, 'no', 'yes'}
type (mySet) # set

# You can find all set methods by declaring a set and calling dir() on it
dir(mySet)

Sets methods:

• Elements can be accessed only with a for loop

mySet = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

for x in mySet:
  print(x)

• We cannot change items in a set but we can add elements one by one with add()

mySet.add("orange")
print(mySet) # {'apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange'}

• Or we can add multiple items using update()

mySet.update(["mango", "grapes"])
print(mySet) # {'apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'grapes', 'mango', 'orange'}

# Note that the elements are not pushed to the end of the set 
# but rather sorted alphabetically or in ascending order
numberSet = {5, 3, 2, 55, 32}
print(numberSet) # {2, 3, 5, 32, 55}

• Get the length of a set with len()

• We can remove items in a set by using discard() (Note that a remove() method doesn’t exist)

mySet = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
mySet.discard("banana")

• Remove the last item in a set with pop()

mySet = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
x = mySet.pop() # x = 'cherry'
print(mySet) # {"apple", "banana"}

• clear() method empties a set (removes every element)

mySet.clear()
print(mySet) # set()

• We can join two sets using union()

set1 = {"c", "d" , "e", 3}
set2 = {1, 'a', 2, 3}

set3 = set1.union(set2) # set3 = {1, 2, 3, 'a', 'c', 'd', 'e'}
set2 = set1.union(set2) # set2 = {1, 2, 3, 'a', 'c', 'd', 'e'}

• We can intersect sets using intersection()

odds = set([1,3,5,7,9])
primes = set([2,3,5,7])

primes.intersection(odds) # {2}

• Difference of a two sets with difference()

# Python
a = {1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9} # type(a) returns <class 'set'>
b = {2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
a.difference(b) # {1, 3, 5}
b.difference(a) # {2, 4, 6, 10}

• All sets methods:

Method	Description
add()	Adds an element to the set
clear()	Removes all the elements from the set
copy()	Returns a copy of the set
difference()	Returns a set containing the difference between two or more sets
difference_update()	Removes the items in this set that are also included in another, specified set
discard()	Remove the specified item
intersection()	Returns a set, that is the intersection of two other sets
intersection_update()	Removes the items in this set that are not present in other, specified set(s)
isdisjoint()	Returns whether two sets have a intersection or not
issubset()	Returns whether another set contains this set or not
issuperset()	Returns whether this set contains another set or not
pop()	Removes an element from the set
remove()	Removes the specified element
symmetric_difference()	Returns a set with the symmetric differences of two sets
symmetric_difference_update()	inserts the symmetric differences from this set and another
union()	Return a set containing the union of sets
update()	Update the set with the union of this set and others

Python Dictionaries

A dictionary is a collection which is unordered, changeable and indexed. Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and they have keys and values.

myDict = {
  "name": "Alex",
  2: 'Hello',
  "years": [1964. 1972]
}
print(thisdict)

# We can also create a dictionary using dict()
blogPost = dict(message="Hi", language="English")

Dictionary methods

• In a Dictionary, we can access items and change values by keys using []:

myDict["name"] # 'Alex'
myDict["years"] # [1964. 1972]
myDict[2] # 'Hello'

myDict["name"] = "Ed"

• Loop through dictionary’s key names and access their values:

for key in myDict:
	print(key) # 'name' ...
	print(myDict[key]) # 'Ed' ...

• Loop through both keys and values, by using the items() method:

for key, value in myDict.items():
	print(key) # 'name' ...
	print(value) # 'Ed' ...

• Check if a key exists in a dictionary with in: "name" in myDict will return True

• Check dictionary length with len(): print(len(myDict))

• Adding an item to the dictionary is done by using a new index key and assigning a value to it:

recipeArticle = {
  "title": "How to cook cookies",
  "ingredients": ['flour', 'milk', 'eggs']
}
recipeArticle["subtitle"] = "Cook delicious cookies in just an hour"
print(thisdict)

• Removing elements by a specific key name using pop()

recipeArticle.pop('ingredients')

• Remove the last inserted item with popitem()

• Empty a dictionary with myDict.clear()

• Make a copy of a dictionary with the copy() method, or using directly the dict() function

myDict2 = myDict.copy()

# same as
myDict2 = dict(myDict)

• Nested Dictionaries:

myfamily = {
  "child1" : {
    "name" : "Andrew",
    "year" : 2004
  },
  "child2" : {
    "name" : "Tobias",
    "year" : 2007
  },
  "child3" : {
    "name" : "Linus",
    "year" : 2011
  }
}

Python Tuples

A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. In Python tuples are written with round brackets.

• We can access tuple elements with their index numbers using []:

myTuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(myTuple[1]) # "banana"

print(myTuple[-1]) # "cherry" (-1 refers to last item)
print(myTuple[-2]) # "banana" (-2 refers to second last item)

anotherTuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango")
print(anotherTuple[2:5]) # ('cherry', 'orange', 'kiwi')

print(anotherTuple[3:]) # ('orange', 'kiwi', 'melon', 'mango')
print(anotherTuple[:3]) # ('apple', 'banana', "cherry")
print(anotherTuple[2:]) # ('cherry', 'orange', 'kiwi', 'melon', 'mango')
print(anotherTuple[:2]) # ('apple', 'banana')

• Iterate through a tuple:

for item in myTuple:
	print(item)

for i in range(0, len(myTuple)):
	print(myTuple[i])

• Once created, we cannot add or remove items in a tuple !! Tuples are unchangeable.

• We can multiple tuples using + operator:

tuple1 = ("a", "b" , "c")
tuple2 = ('a', 1, 2, 3)

tuple3 = tuple1 + tuple2
print(tuple3) # ('a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 1, 2, 3)

• We can return the number of times a specific element repeats in a tuple with count()

monTuple = ('un', 'deux', 'trois', 'un', 'quatre', 'trois', 'trois')
monTuple.count('trois') # 3
monTuple.count('un') # 2

• Search in a tuple for a specified value and return the position with index()

monTuple.index('trois') # 2

Python Lists

Python lists could be seen as Arrays from JavaScript’s perspective.

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